Historically, cosmological models rely on "free parameters"—arbitrary, human-tuned variables inserted into the math to force the formulas to match reality. Kulkarni's updated simulation completely ...

Historically, mathematical models in ecology have been used largely to provide qualitative explanations for patterns in nature. A classic example of this approach was the effort to use competition ...

Morphological characterization and mathematical model simulation of VPNVax structure (IMAGE) Science China Press Caption (a) Morphological comparison of PLA-NP before and after conjugating with OVA ...