“Four years ago, that was at 50% and it’s steadily increased since,” said Tristan Erion-Lorico. Image: Kiwa PVEL. A total of 83% of module manufacturers have had at least one test failure in the Kiwa ...

A research group in Japan identified a correlation between damp heat test of 1,000 hours to 3–6 years of field exposure in humid areas and changes in acetic acid concentration in photovoltaic modules.