Hydrocephalus is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain’s ventricles. Surgery is the first-line and most effective treatment. The two primary surgeries are the Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) ...

The space between the arachnoid and pia meningeal layers encasing the brain is a landscape of connective tissue, blood vessels, and cerebrospinal fluid. Scientists debate how that fluid moves within ...