Lightning protection in photovoltaic (PV) systems is a critical area of study as these installations are increasingly exposed to atmospheric discharges that can substantially disrupt energy production ...

Testing verifies that protection schemes meet their intended purpose, ensuring safety and system integrity. Function testing involves manual or electrical manipulation of components to confirm signal ...

Standing hundreds of feet above ground, wind turbines—like tall trees, buildings, and telephone poles—are easy targets for lightning. Just by virtue of their height, they will get struck. Lightning ...